Pixel perfect collision detection in pygame with masks.

"BULLSHIT! That bullet didn't even hit me!" they cried as the space ship starts to play the destruction animation, and Player 1 life counter drops by one. Similar cries of BULLSHIT! are heard all over the world as thousands of people lose an imaginary life to imperfect collision detection every day.

Do you want random people on the internet to cry bullshit at your game? Well do ya punk?

Bounding boxes are used by many games to detect if two things collide. Either a rectangle, a circle, a box or a sphere are used as a crude way to check if two things collide. However for many games that just isn't enough. Players can see that something didn't collide, so they are going to be crying foul if you just use bounding boxes.

Pygame added fast and easy pixel perfect collision detection. So no more bullshit collisions ok?

Code to go along with this article can be found here ( https://github.com/illume/pixel_perfect_collision ).

Why rectangles aren't good enough.

Here are some screen shots of a little balloon game I made modeled after an old commodore 64 game I typed in when I was eight.  Here you can see a balloon, and a cave.  The idea is you have to move the baloon through the cave without hitting the walls.  Now if you used just bounding rectangle collisions, you will see how it would not work, and how the game would be no fun - because the rectangle(drawn in green around the balloon) would hit the sides when the balloon didn't really hit the sides.


You can download the balloon mini game code to have a look at with this article.

How is pixel perfect collision detection done? Masks.

Instead of using 8-32bits per pixel, pygames masks use only 1 bit per pixel. This makes it very quick to check for collisions. As you can compare 32 pixels with one integer compare. Masks use bounding box collision first - to speed things up.
Even though bounding boxes are a crude approximation for collisions, they are faster than using bitmasks. So pygame first does a check to see if the rectangles collide - then if the rectangles do collide, only then does it check to see if the pixels collide.

How to use pixel perfect collision detection in pygame?

There are a couple of ways you can use pixel perfect collision detection with pygame.
  • Creating masks from surfaces.
  • Using the pygame.sprite classes.
You can create a mask from any surfaces with transparency.  So you load up your images normally, and then create the masks for them.
Or you can use the pygame.sprite classes, which handle some of the complexity for you.

Mask.from_surface with Alpha transparency.

By default pygame uses either color keys, or per pixel alpha values to see which parts of an image are converted into the mask.
Color keyed images have either 100% transparent or fully visible pixels. Where as per pixel alpha images have 255 levels of transparency. By default pygame uses 50% transparent pixels as on, or ones that are to collide with.
It's a good idea to pre-calcuate the mask, so you do not need to generate it every frame.

Checking if one mask overlaps another mask.

It is fairly simple to see if one mask overlaps another mask.
Say we have two masks (a and b), and also a rect for where each of the masks is.

#We calculate the offset of the second mask relative to the first mask.
offset_x = a_rect[0] - b_rect[0]
offset_y = a_rect[1] - b_rect[1]
# See if the two masks at the offset are overlapping.
overlap = a.overlap(b, (offset_x, offset_y))
if overlap:
    print "the two masks overlap!"

Pixel perfect collision detection with pygame.sprite classes.

The pygame.sprite classes are a high level way to display your images.  They provide things like collision detection, layers, groups and lots of other goodies.

Note: balloon2.py that comes with this article uses sprites with masks.

If you give your sprites a .mask attribute then they can use the built in collision detection functions that come with pygame.sprite.
class Balloon(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) #call Sprite initializer
        self.image, self.rect = pygame.image.load("balloon.png")
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)


b1 = Balloon()
b2 = Balloon()

if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(b1, b2, False, pygame.sprite.collide_mask):
    print "sprites have collided!"

Collision response - approximate collision normal.

Once two things collide, what happens next?  Maybe one of these things...
One of the things blows up, disappears, or does a dying animation.
Both things disappear.
Both things bounce off each other.
One thing bounces, the other thing stays. If something going to be bouncing, and not just disappearing, then we need to figure out the direction the two masks collided.  This direction of collision we will call a collision normal.
Using just the masks, we can not find the exact collision normal, so we find an approximation.  Often times in games, we don't need to find an exact solution, just something that looks kind of right.
Using an offset in the x direction, and the y direction, we find the difference in overlapped areas between the two masks.  This gives us the vector (dx, dy), which we use as the collision normal.
If you understand vector maths, you can add this normal to the velocity of the first moving object, and subtract it from the other moving object.

def collision_normal(left_mask, right_mask, left_pos, right_pos):

    def vadd(x, y):
        return [x[0]+y[0],x[1]+y[1]]

    def vsub(x, y):
        return [x[0]-y[0],x[1]-y[1]]

    def vdot(x, y):
        return x[0]*y[0]+x[1]*y[1]

   
    offset = list(map(int, vsub(left_pos, right_pos)))
   
    overlap = left_mask.overlap_area(right_mask, offset)
   
    if overlap == 0:
        return
   
    """Calculate collision normal"""
   
    nx = (left_mask.overlap_area(right_mask,(offset[0]+1,offset[1])) -
          left_mask.overlap_area(right_mask,(offset[0]-1,offset[1])))
    ny = (left_mask.overlap_area(right_mask,(offset[0],offset[1]+1)) -
          left_mask.overlap_area(right_mask,(offset[0],offset[1]-1)))
    if nx == 0 and ny == 0:
        """One sprite is inside another"""
        return
   
    n = [nx, ny]
   
    return n

Fun uses for masks.

Here's a few fun ideas that you could implement with masks, and pixel perfect collision detection.
  • A balloon game, where the bit masks are created from nicely drawn levels - which are then turned into bitmasks for pixel perfect collision detection.  No need to worry about slicing the level up, or manually specifying the collision rectangles, just draw the level and create a mask out of it. Here's a screen shot from the balloon code that comes with this article:

  • A platform game where the ground is not made out of platforms, so much as pixels. So you could have curvy ground, or single pixel things the characters could stand on.
  • Mouse cursor hit detection. Turn your mouse cursor into something, and rather than have a single pixel hit, instead have the hit be any pixel under the mouse cursor.
  • "Worms" style exploding terrain.

Comments

Vinita Hotwani said…
AVG Retail is the best Antivirus programming which is accessible on avg.com/retail , gives the total suite of highlights which can avg.com/retail verify your computerized on the web and disconnected work of the framework or gadgets.
Surbhi Sharma said…


A progressing Microsoft statement gives some comprehension of how the association designs the office.com/setup landing of new Office 365 ProPlus features. office.com/setup Microsoft uses the equivalent "channels" language for MS Office 365 ProPlus incorporates revives as it does with Windows 10 feature invigorates.To activate office setup you need to visit office.com/setup where you can find what all you can do on office setup.You will use your Microsoft account for everything you do with Office . office.com/setup If you use a Microsoft service, such as Outlook.com, OneDrive, Xbox Live, or Skype, you already have an account.

office Remote turns your phone into a smart remote that interacts with Microsoft Office on your PC. office.com/setup The app lets you control Word, Excel, and PowerPoint from across the room, Microsoft365.com/setup so you can walk around freely during presentations.
Surbhi Sharma said…

To enact the Norton setup, select the Activate Now option at the base. https://my.norton.com/onboard/home/setup To recharge the membership for Norton, select the Help choice and snap on Enter item key. https://my.norton.com/onboard/home/setup Cautiously type the right Norton item key in the clear. norton.com/setup Snap on the Next catch.Go through with for more details. Download Norton Mobile Security and Antivirus application that can shield your records from getting norton.com/setup affected from any online malware or contamination norton setup product key.

Go to the Norton Security Online page and click Get Norton Security Online. Type in your Xfinity ID and password, if you're asked. Create a Norton account, then sign in.norton.com/setup Choose whether you want to install it on this device or another one. Start your installation. Click Run. Let the program run. If Windows asks for permission, click Yes.
Surbhi Sharma said…

Roku is a gushing gadget, which is a sensible roku setup and other Set-up Box. Roku.com/link Roku is a heap of diversion, where customer can stream for unlimited movement shows up, web game plan, news, liveliness and significantly more activities.Roku works by downloading video from the web, you at that point watch on your TV. Roku.com/link The video isn't spared as it's viewed while Roku downloads or "streams" the video. Applications or "stations" are programs you load onto your Roku gadget that give you different films and TV appears. Roku.com/link This works a lot of like introducing applications on a cell phone or tablet.
Surbhi Sharma said…
Webroot AntiVirus is a not too bad, secure program that successfully sees and shields you from Mac malware.webroot key code activation It has safe program remembers that single work for Safari, which also makes Webroot's less practical at perceiving a couple of Windows perils. webroot.com/safe Webroot digital security is an extreme web security suite for complete assurance against the present different scope of danger on windows. webroot.com/safe key highlights are 100% secure shopping, 1 snap infection examining, pernicious site separating, unblock antivirus. webroot.com/safe if you need to introduce it at that point visit our site:

Webroot AntiVirus keeps watch on obscure projects until its cerebrum in the cloud goes to a judgment. webroot.com/safe The small nearby program clears out the assailant and turns around its activities. webroot.com/safe It's an exceptionally unordinary framework, however testing demonstrates that it carries out the responsibility, and does it well.webroot is a simply used software,install extreme digital security at webroot safe or at webroot.com/safe click here to download webroot saf
Surbhi Sharma said…
Mcafee is a standout amongst the best antivirus to ensure your computer,laptop and otherdevices fromvirus attacks . mcafee.com/activate Mcafee program shield your PC from infection. in the event that you need to introduce mcafee in your pc, visit: mcafee.com/activate for complete establishment and initiation.Activating the McAfee via mcafee.com/activate could be the one-stop solution to all the security concern. McAfee is a renowned and trusted American based MNC which is popular mcafee.com/activate for producing the antivirus software to protect the device against the online attacks.

Enter 25 digit activation code is necessary to activate mcafee product key. mcafee.com/activate McAfee is an antivirus software that helps you protect your device and personal important information or data from mcafee.com/activate Threats, Viruses, Malware, Trojans, and so on.With mcafee.com/activate you can prevent devices and network against threats like malware, worms, mcafee.com/activate spyware and runs in the background and does not cause any problem nor slows down the computer.
Surbhi Sharma said…
Hulu supports a wide variety of devices that you can use to stream with us. enter hulu activation code You can activate any of them at any time, as well as remove them from your account. hulu.com/activate
Hulu Activation code will be on your TV when you open Hulu App. hulu.com/activate If your account required activation then it will display on your screen then use online.

Hulu Plus is available for streaming on popular gaming consoles like PlayStation 3 (PS3), Xbox 360 and Roku, as well as on the computer. hulu.com/activate By downloading the Hulu Plus application and activating your account, you can stream television shows and movies from the Hulu site.hulu.com/activate visit hulu activate now.To activate Hulu Plus on your gadget, either utilize the on-screen console to enter your Hulu sign in data or go to Hulu.com/activate and enter the gadget initiation code. hulu.com/activate Both of these strategies will enable you to utilize Hulu on any Hulu-upheld gadget.

Surbhi Sharma said…

Just Hulu gives you access to the biggest spilling library to watch a great many shows and motion pictures, hulu.com/activate elite Originals, past seasons, ebb and flow scenes, and more on your preferred gadgets. hulu.com/activate You can even include Live TV for sports, news, and can't-miss occasions. hulu.com/activate Hulu Plus channel Activation is available on Roku channel store. To access Hulu through Hulu.com or Hulu Plus app, you have to perform Hulu activate.

Surbhi Sharma said…


If your computer does not have the CD-ROM drive or you do not have the Setup CD, follow the steps given below. Visit canon.com/ijsetup Click Set Up. Either type in the model name of your printer, canon.com/ijsetup or click the first two letters shown under First Letters. The Canon printer enhances scan functionality, and includes a robust security feature set. ij.start.canon Using a Canon printer service phone, you can get a full installation of the Canon printer and go to the installed Canon printer to download the ij.start.canon driver.

Canon Printers are best for you, whether you are professional or simply looking for your personal use.canon.com/ijsetup Canon printers have revolutionized the printing era by producing versatile and high-quality printers. canon.com/ijsetup So, to obtain outstanding and high-quality prints, it is mandatory to setup the canon printer. Download and install the canon printer driver from canon.com/ijsetup and get started with it. ij.start.canon Canon IJ does not come with the Manual CD for the installation of printer drivers.
Surbhi Sharma said…

The Canon, the famous brand has everything in it's variety starting from their cameras,canon.com/ijsetup to cinematography solutions to the scanner as well as printers – each single thing has its own specific productivity. Download from canon.com/ijsetup and setup on your device. Canon printers are all in one printer that facilitates print, copy and scan. ij.start.canon The canon printers are designed for personal as well as business use.Canon IJ Network Tool is a free application that allows you to install,ij.start.canon view or configure the network settings of the printer that is connected through a network.

Canon printer that can be downloaded via ij.start.canon page is the best wireless printer that you can connect to your device and print data smoothly. ij.start.canon Canon ijsetup CD is not the well-suited technique to use ij.start.canon setup installation for longer. One can also install from anther origin if your device is having issues in the online installation or any other.ij.start.canon Click download and start the canon ij setup downloading. On the completion, ij.start.canon double-tap on the downloaded file and start installation.
Surbhi Sharma said…

Amazon.com/mytv is a video streaming service available for Amazon Prime members. amazon.com/mytv With an eligible Amazon Prime membership, you have access to thousands of Prime Video titles at no additional cost. amazon.com/mytv Amazon Web Services Scalable Cloud Computing Services: Audible Download Audio Books: DPReview Digital Photography: amazon.com/mytv IMDb Movies, TV & Celebrities : Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands: amazon.com/mytv Amazon Business Everything For Your Business: Prime Now 2-Hour Delivery on Everyday Items: Amazon Prime Music Stream millions of songs, ad-free.

Go to amazon.com/mytv and create your Amazon account, if you already have an account then sign in to your account. amazon.com/mytv Now enter the activation or verification code in the next screen that is in front of you. amazon.com/mytv You are now ready to enjoy a lot of amazing and great movies and shows on your smart TV.Amazon.com/mytv is a registration portal of Amazon Prime from which members can watch thousands of movies and TV shows for free from their device some features require a premium subscription. Amazon.com/mytv
The instant video service can only be watched after registering your device with a simple subscription code.
Surbhi Sharma said…
Amazon Prime Video is one of the best platforms to watch movies and TV shows continuously on the internet.Amazon.com/mytv You can now watch your favorite shows not only on your laptop or computer but also on your Smart TV and streaming sticks. Amazon.com/mytv It is also available on a few selected set-top boxes at a cheaper cost. Amazon.com/mytv Amazon Fire TV Stick and Fire TV cube can also enjoy Amazon prime video with their family and loved ones. Amazon.com/mytv Today in this article we will discuss which devices you can watch Amazon prime video and how you can activate it on the particular device.

Amazon Prime video allow their users to download videos in three different formats such as SD, Amazon.com/mytv HD, and 4k Ultra HD quality so that users can download as per their Amazon.com/mytv required video quality.Amazon Prime Video is the official app for Amazon.com/mytv
this popular service from Amazon that lets you stream dozens of movies and TV shows completely legally. To be clear, Amazon.com/mytv Amazon Prime works quite similarly to Netflix and HBO GO.

Surbhi Sharma said…

The Amazon My TV Code program requires the customer to have an Amazon account and a streaming device or TV.Amazon.com/mytv Amazon Prime Video is available on almost all streaming devices like Roku, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast. Amazon.com/mytv For this you just have to go to Amazon and activate amazon with the help of amazon activation code. You can visit our website Amazon.com/mytv for details of the entire process.

Amazon Prime is a subscription service that caters to the media needs of people through the Amazon Prime platform. Amazon.com/mytv Notifies visitors about topics such as Register TV, Amazon Prime TV and MyTV code.Amazon.com/mytv To register your device on the Amazon website you go to our website Amazon.com/mytv and enter the given code. Amazon.com/mytv Amazon Prime Video is one of the best platforms to watch movies and TV shows continuously on the internet. Amazon.com/mytv You can now watch your favorite shows not only on your laptop or computer but also on your Smart TV and streaming sticks. It is also available on a few selected set-top boxes at a cheaper cost.
Surbhi Sharma said…

Amazon Prime is a subscription-based platform that gives Amazon.com/mytv access to the users of a large range of services such as unlimited video. Amazon.com/mytv Amazon prime movie is available on almost all streaming devices such as Amazon.com/mytv Roku, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast, and many more.

www.amazon.com/mytv enter code Know Complete Process to Activate Amazon.com/mytv Amazon Prime Follow Simple Instructions and get www.amazon.com/mytv.Amazon.com/mytv Amazon, as an e-commerce platform, is increasingly popular. Amazon.com/mytv The brand has extended its tentacles into providing various services and media players.
Surbhi Sharma said…

Go to primevideo.com/mytv from browser of your choice to register device. Login-in with your amazon prime account. primevideo.com/mytv
Register on the Prime Web Page at primevideo.com/mytv to enroll. Enter the 6 digit Activation Code From TV Screen. primevideo.com/mytv Enjoy Streaming Amazon Prime.Here is a detailed guide on primevideo.com/mytv
registration, how you can get the activation code to activate Prime video on your smart TVs.

Using a computer, go to primevideo.com/mytv Sign-in with an active e-mail address and password or primevideo.com/mytv click Create your Amazon account. primevideo.com/mytv More about Prime Video Unlimited FREE fast delivery, video streaming & more Prime members enjoy unlimited free, fast delivery on eligible items, primevideo.com/mytv video streaming, ad-free music, exclusive access to deals & more.

Surbhi Sharma said…


Here is a detailed guide on primevideo.com/mytv registration, how you can get the activation code to activate primevideo.com/mytv Prime video on your smart TVs.Using a computer, go to primevideo.com/mytv Sign-in with an active e-mail address and password or primevideo.com/mytv click Create your Amazon account.

One of the most popular platform for video streaming now a days is amazon prime video competiting directly with Netflix and many others. primevideo.com/mytv While there is no doubt that prime video is increasing its daily subscribers day by day, primevideo.com/mytv We have also noticed people facing issues activiating their primevideo.com/mytv primevideo services using primevideo mytv. primevideo.com/mytv Amazon Prime on your Roku, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast, and similar streaming devices.
Surbhi Sharma said…
Amazon Prime is a paid membership which gives you admittance to an primevideo.com/mytv enormous scope of administrations: primevideo.com/mytv Amazon Instant Video application on your LG TV or Blu-ray Player and then primevideo.com/mytv Prime Instant Video to start watching.

Prime Video gives you two ways to instantly stream Videos on your Android TV device. primevideo.com/mytv Buy or rent your favorite titles or join Amazon Prime and get unlimited access to award-winning Prime Originals as well as primevideo.com/mytv thousands of movies and TV shows at no additional cost. primevideo.com/mytv Install Prime Video on Your Devices Open your device's app store to download and install the Prime Video app. primevideo.com/mytv Open the Prime Video app. Register your device – select Register on the Amazon website, where you are given a code to enter. Some devices allow.
Surbhi Sharma said…
Directory of HP support and additional resource information. Get assistance for: drivers, downloads, software updates, patches, find authorized support providers, replacement parts, 123.hp.com/setup product registration, HP training and education, service centers, forums and community, warranty, and contact information. 123.hp.com/setup click here. Wireless Setup For HP Wireless Printer Setup, follow these option to connect with the printer. Connect your printer with the wireless router. 123.hp.com/setup On this website you can find directions on how you can connect your wirelessly, with help of USB cable and even things like how one can install a cartridge in the printer.
Unknown said…
HOW to View AMAZON PRIME VIDEO ON A SMARTPHONE OR TABLET
Possessing cellphone users at heart, Amazon simply managed to get far easier for us to access its Prime Video service working with a smartphone or tablet computer with iOS or even Androud operating system. Yes, Amazon Video programs are offered for Android and iOS tablets and smartphones, therefore obtaining the video material is easy along with your handy apparatus. Here is the way to take action fast:
Amazon.com/code
Amazon.com/code
Amazon.com/code
Amazon.com/code
amazon.com/redeem check balance
mytv
bamgosoocom said…

howdy! This article couldn't be written lots better! Searching through this article rings a bell in my memory of
my previous roommate! He usually kept preaching approximately this. I'm going to deliver this article to him.
Fairly sure he could have a extraordinary observe. Thanks for sharing! Excellent day, i think your weblog may be having
browser compatibility issues. As soon as i test your blog in safari, it looks wonderful but at the same time as starting in i. E., it has some
overlapping issues. I just favored to present you a short heads up! Except that, high-quality web page! Spot on with this
write-up, i definitely feel this top notch website desires a high-quality deal extra interest. I’ll probably be returning to look
at via more, thank you for the statistics! Aw, this became a really proper publish. Taking the time and real try to create a
very good article… however what am i able to say… i positioned topics off a whole lot and do now not manage to get nearly something performed.

Click here to chceck my blog :: 오피 (jk)

opbestcom said…

We absolutely love your blog and find many of your post’s to be
exactly what I’m looking for. Would you offer guest writers to write content for
you? I wouldn’t mind publishing a post or elaborating on a number of the subjects you write with regards to here.

MY homepage :::: 오피

(freaky)

mikejasonuk said…
Assuming a user needs to know how to setup Canon wireless printer, then, at that point it very well may be handily done by adhering to a bunch of directions. Canon printer wireless setup is using to interface a user's PC and the Canon printer through a wireless network. connect canon printer to internet In the event that a wireless association is set up, there will be a benefit of printing anyplace using the devices. In the event that a document is saved in the devices and it should be printed, simply select the record and make it printed. thinking about how to set up a Canon printer on your Mac, Windows, iPad, iPhone, iPod, or Android telephone? Basically download the "Group PRINT App", press your printer wireless to interface button, and the data put away on your devices, including your WiFi secret word and name, will naturally be moved to make the setup interaction speedier and less complex than any time. The two strategies using in wireless association are the WPS strategy and the canon association technique. At the point when a user is searching for a Canon printer setup, any of these techniques can be using for the association.
congratulations. Good blog. Keep sharing. I love them Are you also searching for professional nursing paper? we are the best solution for you.
I want to always read your blogs. I love them Are you also searching for nursing dissertation writing services? we are the best solution for you. We are best known for delivering Nursing dissertation writing services to students without having to break the bank
This is quite a .good blog. Keep sharing. I love them Are you also searching for Nursing Writing Center? we are the best solution for you. We are best known for delivering nursing writing services to students without having to break the bank.
yasul.top said…
I'm assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny? 야설
SEO toto365 pro said…
카지노사이트 It is in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of info.
I’m happy that you simply shared this helpful information with us.

Please stay us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.
SEO toto365 pro said…
바카라사이트 Wow, excellent post. I'd like to draft like this too - taking time and real hard work to make a great article. This post has encouraged me to write some posts that I am going to write soon.
SEO toto365 pro said…
토토사이트 My partner and I absolutely love your blog and find many of your post’s
to be exactly what I’m looking for. Do you offer guest writers to write content in your case?
I wouldn’t mind creating a post or elaborating on a lot of the subjects you write in relation to here.
SEO toto365 pro said…
What's up friends, how is the whole thing, and what you want to say on the topic of this post,
in my view its truly remarkable for me. 안전놀이터


Hahaha said…
It's so nice to know you. I hope you also welcome me.카지노사이트검증If you welcome me, please visit my blog and write. My blog is on It's hard because of Covid - 19, but let's do our best!!


alone said…
I'm so happy to finally find a post with what I want. casino You have inspired me a lot. If you are satisfied, please visit my website and leave your feedback.


duc em said…
When I read your article on this topic, the first thought seems profound and difficult. There is also a bulletin board for discussion of articles and photos similar to this topic on my site, but I would like to visit once when I have time to discuss this topic. 먹튀검증업체I think it would be nice if you come to if you can solve my problem.


Unknown said…
메이저사이트목록 TABLE GLITCH IN GTA 5 ONLINE - (FAST & EASY)
Unknown said…
GTA 5 but we gamble all our money at the 토토검증업체...
roulettesitetop said…
Your article is very informative and helpful to me. Thank you for the post, it’s really nice. This is more good!
카지노사이트
토토
온라인카지노
Unknown said…
I like your site and content. thanks for sharing the information keep updating, looking forward for more posts. Thanks Feel free to visit my website; 한국야동


Unknown said…
Simply desire to say your article is as amazing. The clarity on your post is just excellent and that i can think you’re knowledgeable in this subject. Fine together with your permission allow me to grasp your RSS feed to keep updated with impending post. Thanks one million and please continue the rewarding work. Feel free to visit my website; 국산야동

Unknown said…
I used to be checking continuously this weblog and I am impressed! Appreciate it for your efforts. Feel free to visit my website; 일본야동

토토사이트 said…
Totosite has various subscription codes depending on the ability of the verification site. The safety code of a food and dash verification expert provides the most reliable environment to use Totosite games in private Toto. 토토사이트 cragro 안전놀이터
Unknown said…
Vous utilisez WordPress pour votre site ? Je suis nouveau dans le monde des blogs, mais j'essaie de commencer et de créer mon propre blog. Avez-vous besoin d'une expertise en codage pour créer votre propre blog? Toute aide serait grandement appréciée! 먹튀검증

Slot said…
ไม่ได้แล้ว
สมัครสล็อต
oliyana beth said…
IF YOU buy essay online than get to me for that , i ensure you the best
jessciacarvin said…
I've taken Canadian Essay Writing by Essaywritingservices.ca & found then quite great on writing what i actually need. It was like they just convey my thoughts in most engaging manner
AMB said…
การเงินการลงทุนที่มั่นคง ทำได้ง่ายๆ ด้วยเทคนิคต่างๆ จากทาง khaohotdara เว็บไซต์ที่ได้รวบรวมเรื่องเกี่ยวกับการเงิน การลงทุนไว้ในเว็บไซต์เดียว ศึกษาเส้นทาง ทางเศรษฐกิจทั่วโลกได้ง่ายๆ ทั้งหมดนี้เรารวมไว้ให้ท่านเเล้ว บทความอัพเดทใหม่ให้อ่านแบบฟรีๆ ทุกวัน.
Service Mode said…
Call us at 620-270-9838 if you're looking for information on how to Setup Arlo Camera.

Popular posts from this blog

Draft 3 of, ^Let's write a unit test!^

Is PostgreSQL good enough?

post modern C tooling - draft 6